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      在商业中,合约(contracts or agreements)是对交易双方的主要保障。合约不光是把双方的协议记载下来,它还具有法律上的约束作用。 目前尽管也有一些不讲究格式的合约,只是把双方协议的事项一一记录在内,然后双方签署作准,但这种合约在法律上的约束力还够不上正式合约那幺大,因为后者是长期沿用下来的,可以说是前人经验教训的总结,它们已最大限度地堵塞可能出现的漏洞,从而避免任何一方在履行合约的情况下利益受损。虽然正式合约表面上看来相当繁复,但只有这样,才能面面俱到,最大限度地杜绝与约任何一方利用漏洞制造损人利已的机会。因此,为了避免损失,仍以采用正式合约最为保险。 
   
      商业买卖合约通常是买和卖分开,即分为购买合约(purchasing contract)和销售合约(sales contract),前者由买方拟出,供卖方认可签署,后者则相反,由卖方提出。两者虽侧重点有所不同,但格式基本上是相同的。因此下面仅举一份销售合约为例,逐段加以译注。 
   
  一、标 题(Topic) 
   
      通常每份合约开头就开宗明义地写明该合约名称来表示其性质,这里要译注的叫sales contract或sales note(销售合约) 
   
  二、缔约双方与日期(Parties and Date) 
   
      不论任何性质的英文合约的第一段,都列明该合约的缔约日期、与约各方的名称、地址或总部所在地等等。在国际贸易合约中有时还要写明该公司是"按当地法律正式组织而存在的"[a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of(Hong Kong)〕,从而强调缔约者的合法法律地位,句中的 corporation正规用法的含意是向当地有关当局正式注册的"有限公司"。不然的话,可用firm (商行)代替。例如: 
   
      This Agreement (THIS AGREEMENT) made this 8th day of December, 1981 (this eighth day of December in the year of nineteen eighty one) , by and between Victory Electronic Trading Co. , Ltd. (hereinafter called "the Sellers") , a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of Hong Kong, with its head office (principal place of business) at X X Sha Tsui Road, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong and Panafrican Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called "the Buyers", a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of Nigeria, with its head office. At____________, Imo State, Nigeria. 
   
  WITNESSETH:   
   
      本协议由香港胜利电器贸易有限公司(下称"卖方"),按香港法律正式组织和存在的公司,总部设于香港荃湾沙咀道XX号,与尼日利亚泛非贸易有限公司(下称"买方"、,按尼日利亚法律正式组织和存在的公司,总部设于尼日利亚伊莫邦_,于一九八一年十二月八日签订,协议如下: 
   
  三、说明条款(Whereas Clause)   
   
      通常在合约第一段之后就紧接以 Whereas 开头的条款。这一条款的作用是阐述双方缔约的由来和目的。在这一条款中,买卖双方都分别说明本身的意向。此外,这一条款还用于引出具体的协议事项。不过,现代买卖合约已多半略去这一条款。例如: 
   
      WHEREAS, the Sellers are desirous of exporting the undermentioned Products to the territory stipulated below;and WHEREAS, the Buyers are desirous of importing the said goods for sale in the said territory;NOW, THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed and understood as follows:    
   
      卖方欲出口下述产品到下面规定的地方去,而买方欲进口所述货物在所述地方出售。兹协议和谅解如下: 
      世界经济发展不平衡,国际汇率和各国物价随时会起变化,"时间就是金钱",时间常常决定一宗交易的成败。因此在一般商业买卖或国际贸易中,繁琐的合约已不适宜了,大有简化的必要。但是话得说回来,除了上述合约之外,大多数合约鉴于法律的约束力问题,不宜过分简化。最常见的简化方法是将上面的第一、二两段合并简化,下面是一个例子: 
   
  Sales Contract 销售合约
   
   
      Sold by VICTORY ELECTRONIC TRADING CO.,LTD.(hereinafter called "the Sellers") to PANAFRICAN TRADING CO., LTD. (hereinafter called "the Buyers") at _______________ Imo State, Nigeria the undermentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions stated on the face and back hereof. 
   
      由胜利电器贸易有限公司按本合约正面和背面所述条件售予尼日利亚伊莫邦…泛非贸易有限公司下述货物。 
   
  四、基本条件(Basic Terms) 
   
  五、签 章(Signatures)
   
  基本条件(Basic Terms) 
   
      基本条件是一份买卖合约的中心内容,包括"货物说明"(description of goods)、"数量"(quantity)、"价格"(Price)、"付运"(shipment)或"交货"(delivery)和"付款条件"(terms of payment)。其中当然以"价格"最为重要。除此以外,通常还加上"备注"(remarks)栏,用于补充合约起草者认为有必要预先声明的内容。 
   
  (一)货物说明(Description of Goods) 
   
      这一栏列明货物的商标、名称和型号等。有的商品也要列明规格(specifications)、尺寸(sizes)等。例如: 
   
      Description of Goods: "Victory" Brand Portable Radio Cassette Tape Recorders Model VEC-8160.  
      货物说明:"胜利"牌VEC-8160型手提收录两用机。 
   
  (二)数量(Quantity)   
   
      这一栏是成交货物的数量。有时还附包装要求。例如: 
   
      Quantity: 5000 sets with the packing as per Manufacturer's standard. 
      数量:五千部,包装按照制造商的标准包装。 
   
  (三)价格(Price) 
   
      前面说过,这一栏是合约主要内容的中心,因此在签订合约时,这一栏是买卖双方首先注意的焦点,它一般包括总金额(total amount)和单价(unit price),两者缺一不可。此外也要表明价格的性质,尤以国际贸易为然。常用的价格如FOB(离岸价,即卖方负责把货装上交通工具所报的价格,报这种价格时,要写明离岸港),C&F(成本加运费cost十freight的到岸价,这种到岸价表明保险由买方负责,通常要注上到岸港)和 CIF(成本加保险加运费 cost+insurance+freight的到岸价,同样要写明到岸港)。例如: 
   
      Price: Total Amount HK $ 1, 000, 000. 00 with the unit price of HK$ 200.00 per set F0B Hong Kong Net. 
      价格:总额港币壹佰万元正,F.O.B香港净价(香港离岸净价)为每部港币贰佰元正。 
   
  (四)付运(Shipment) 
   
      由于有的地方船期稀疏,货物迟迟无法付运,或者有的港口过度挤塞,船舶一直无法靠岸卸货,所以买方对船期是否准时十分关心,这牵涉到货物能否及时到港应市的问题。当然卖方也极为重视这一问题,一旦超过信用证的有效期,它有可能作废,而使备货多时的努力付诸东流。   
   
      付运期限一般有几种提法:有的规定某月份如August 1982,或两个月之间,August/September 1982。有的则规定"在……以后多少天以内,例如within 45 days after receipt of L/C。倘若存有现货,那幺就可立即付运,提出 Prompt shipment,immediate shipment等。有时候, 买方或卖方可能感到上述"多少天之内"的提法仍嫌笼统,那就需要补充某些规定以保障本身利益。例如:Shipment:within 45 days after receipt of L/C by the end of June.或 August Shipment:subject to receipt Of L/C by the end of June.例如:
   
      Shipment: August 1982 subject to receipt of L/C by the end of May. 
      付运:一九八二年八月,但到五月底须已收到信用证。 
   
  (五)付款条件(Terms of Payment) 
   
      这一栏是卖方所提出的买方如何付款的要求。在本地买卖中,常用的付款方式有COD(cash on delivery货到收款)、CBD(cash before delivery交货前收款)、SOC(sale on credit赊卖)等。 
   
      在国际贸易中,这些付款方式都不适用。毫无疑问,L/C(letter of credit信用证)是贸易中最普遍使用的付款方式,由进口商经往来银行开出信用证给出口商,出口商把货付运,即可凭装船单据(Shipping documents)向银行兑取货款。其次,也有一部分商人采用 D/p(documents against payment付款放行票据的汇票),D/A(documents against acceptance承兑放行票据的汇票)和 B/C(bill for collection托收单)。不过,后三者要在出口商、银行(两地银行)和进口商之间具有良好的信用关系,才能采用。D/P是出口商开出汇票,向出口地银行洽兑,进口地银行收到货款后将装船单据放行给进口商.凭单即可提货。风险是:假如进口商不付款,那批货就要出口商自行负责,而且出口地银行会追出口商退款。D/A是进口商一旦承兑,即可领取装船单据,不立即付款。这对出口商来说风险更大了,所以越来越少用。B/C是出口商根本无法向银行洽兑,只委托银行代为收款,不用说,这是最不得已的方法,除非关系非常密切,不然不用为妙。   
   
      信用证也不是万无一失的,在国际贸易中,会有假信用证.这种现象以西非最常见。所谓假信用证较多是以一家实际并不存在或有名无实的银行的名义开出的。即使信用证是真实的,但仍不算十足保证。因此往往要加上一些规定,出口商才放心付货。一般是注明confirmed(保兑)、irrevocable(不可撤消)或 without recourse(无追索权)。有的信用证注明三个要求,但较常见的是注明irrevocable。confirmed即保证付款。irrevocable即信用证开出后若非出口商同意则无权擅自撤消。without recourse表示即使银行收不到货款也无权向出口商追索已兑出的款项。例如: 
   
      Terms of Payment: By Confirmed Irrevocable L/C to be opened by Buyers. 
      付款条件:用买方开出的保兑、不可撤消信用证.
   
  (六)备注(Remarks) 
   
      卖方使用这一栏补充一些涉及本身利益的规定。例如: 
   
      Remarks: Subject to the procurement of the necessary permits in Hong Kong and Nigeria. Insurance covers FPA and W. A. only if the Buyers require it to be added. Shipping particulars including marks and port of entry must be advised to the Sellers before 20th July, 1982. The goods can only be sold in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa. 
      备注:(本合约能否履行)取决于在香港和尼日利亚取得必要的各种许可证。假如买方要求加上保险,那幺只保平安险和水渍险。包括唆头和入口港等付运细节必须在一九八二年七 月二十日之前告知卖方。这批货物只能在尼日利亚和西非其它地方出售。 
   
  (七)其它(Miscellaneous) 
   
      除了上述各栏之外,有时还加上"保险"和"包装"等栏。这里简单介绍国际贸易的保险种类。首先要明白,在保险业务上,损失通常分为两种,一种是"共同海损"(general average),通常是指船只因遇到风暴或火灾等事故必须抛弃部分货物,所受的损失由船主和全船货物的货主共同承担;另一种是"单独海损"(particular average),意思是某个货主单独蒙受损失,例如货物被水浸湿,被其它货物压坏、漏泄、破烂等。全船货物损失时,例如沉船,通常称为全损(total loss)。 
   
      只投保"共同损失"和"全损"的叫"平安险"(Free from particular average 单独海损不赔偿);投保"单独海损"的叫做"水渍险"(with average 或 With particular average),水渍险不光是水渍才获得赔偿,它还包括油渍(oil stain)、漏泄(leakage),破烂(breakage),盗窃、短交(TPND theft,pilferage,nondelivery),而且它实际上也保"共同海损"的险。此外还有投保全险(AR.all risks)、兵险(WR, war risk)等。 
   
      包装栏列明包装数量和重量等。例如: 
   
      Packing: 12 sets per carton box and 6 carton boxes per wooden box. 
      包装:每纸盒十二部,每箱六纸盒。 
   
  签 章(Signatures) 
   
      合约正面的最后一个部分是由双方签署,通常卖方签于右侧,买方签子左侧。例如: 
   
             Accepted and Signed by Buyers             Sellers 
    
    
   
             Panafrican Trading Co., Ltd.              VICTORY ELECTRONIC TRADING CO.,LTD.
    
    
   
             买方接受并签署                             卖方 
    
    
   
             泛非贸易有限公司                           胜利电器贸易有限公司
    
    
    
   
  六、附加条件(Terms & Conditions) 
   
      为了最大限度地保障本身的利益,卖方通常都在背面印上一系列的条件(terms and conditions),因此买方在签约前不应忽视这些条件,因为一经签署之后就表明也接受这些条件。不过,除非发生纠纷,在一般情况下很少会应用到这些条件。下面列举常用的附加条件,并逐段翻译。由于这都是卖方的要求,故经常应用shall这一情态动词,表示"必须"或"应该"。
   
  TERMS & CONDITIONS
   
  1. BASIS: All business shall be transacted between the Buyers and the Sellers on Principals to Principals basis. 
     基础:一切交易必须以主持人对主持人为基础在买方和卖方之间进行。 
   
  2. QUANTITY: Quantity, unless otherwise arranged, shall be subject to a variation of 5% plus or minus at Sellers' option. 
     数量:除非另作安排,数量可能由卖方选择作加或减5%的变动。 
   
  3. PRICE: The currency manifesting the price shall be the basis currency of payment, unless otherwise specified, US $ means the U. S. Doitars, HK $ the Hong Kong Dollars, ? the Pound Sterling. The price specified in this contract shall be based upon the present exchange rate (HK $ 5. 65 per U. S. Dollar or HK $10. 50 per Sterling Pound). In case of variation of such rate by more than 3 per cent after the date of this contract, the price shall be adjusted and settled according to the corresponding change. In such case, however, the Sellers shall have the right to decrease the contracted quantity and/or cancel this contract in part or in whole at their option at any time. 
     价格。除非另作指定,表示价格的货币将是付款的基本货币,US$表示美元,HK$表示港币,? 表示英镑。本合约指定的价格须以现有汇率(每美元兑5.65港元或每英镑兑10.50港元)为基准。要是这种汇率在签订合约日期之后变动百分之三以上,价格须按照相应的变动调整支付。然而在这种情况下,卖方将有权随时选择减少约定的数量和(或)撤消合约的一部份或全部撤消本合约。 
   
  4. PACKING: Unless otherwise requested and/or instructed by the Buyers in time, packing and marking shall be at the Sellers' option. In case special instructions are necessary, they shall be intimated to the Sellers in time so as to enable the Sellers to comply with them. 
     包装:除非买方及时另作要求和(或)指示,包装和标志须由卖方自决。要是有必要作特殊指示,须及时将指示通知卖方,以便卖方能遵照执行。 
   
  5. SHIPMENT: The Date of the Bill of Lading shall be accepted as a conclusive evidence of the date of shipment. Partial shipment or transhipment shall be permitted unless otherwise stated on the face hereof. The Sellers shall not be responsible for nonshipment or late shipment of the contracted goods due to causes beyond the Sellers' control or causes due to the failure of the Buyers to provide in time the relative letter of credit or other instructions requested-by the Sellers. 
     付运:提货单的日期须被承认为付运日期的确实证据。应准许分批付运和转运,除非本合约正面另有指定。合约规定的货物若因卖方无法控制的原因或由于买方未能及时提供有关的信用证或卖方所要求的其它指示而不付运或迟付运,卖方不应负责。 
   
  6. PAYMENT: A confirmed irrevocable letter of credit shall be established within 15 days after the conclusion of any contract and such letter of credit shall be maintained at least 15 days after the month of shipment for the negotiation of the relative draft. If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Sellers I favor as prescribed above, the Sellers shall have the option of reselling the contracted goods for the account of the Buyers or delaying any shipment and/or canceling any orders at any time on the Buyers' account and risk. 
     付款:一份保兑和不可撤消的信用证须在缔结任何合约之后十五天内开立,而且这种信用证须在付运月份之后至少保持十五天。以便洽兑有关汇票。如果买方未能提供如上规定的这种信用证给卖方,卖方有权选择把合约规定的买方账上的货物转售或随时推迟付运和(或)撤消任何订单,损失和风险由买方承担。 
   
  7. INSURANCE: Unless otherwise contracted, the insurance on CIF or C & I contract shall be effected for the amount of the Sellers' invoice plus ten per cent ( 10 % ) covering marine insurance only for WA War risk and/or any other additional insurance required by the Buyers shall be at their own expenses. In case of F0B or C & F contract, the Buyers shall provide an open cover or provisional insurance before the time of shipment. 
     保险;除非另约规定,C.I.F.或C. & I (cost & insurance成本加保险)合约上的保险必须办理只限水渍险的水险,投保金额是卖方发票金额加上百分之十。买方所要求的兵险和(或)其它任何附加保险须由买方自行投保。在F.O.B.或C.& F.合约的情况下,买方必须在付运时间之前提供一份预约保险单或暂时保险单。 
   
  8. CLAIM: Any claim to the Sellers of whatsoever nature arising under this contract shall be made by registered mail within 45 days after the arrival of the merchandise at the destination specified in the Bill of Lading and further full particulars of such claim shall be made in writing and forwarded by registered mail to the Sellers within 15 days after notifying, accompanied by such particular's survey report is sued by leading, first class and international sworn authorized surveyor (s). If the Buyers fail to notify and/or forward full details within the period specified above, the Buyers shall be deemed to have waived his right to assert any claim. 
     索赔:本合约下产生的不论什幺性质的向卖方的索赔,必须在货物到达提货单上所指定的目的地之后四十五天内用挂号邮件提出,并在通知后十五天内进一步书面拟就这种索赔的完整详细情况并用挂号邮件寄给卖方,附上主要的、第一流的经国际宣誓认可的公证人关于这种细情的公证报告。如果买方未能在上述规定的期间内通知和(或)寄出完整的细节,那幺买方将被认为已放弃提出任何索赔的权利。 
   
  9. INSPECTION: Inspection performed under the export regulations of Hong Kong and/or Manufacturer's inspection, unless otherwise arranged, shall be final and conclusive in respect of quality and conditions of the merchandise. As to the merchandise controlled by no such regulations, the Buyers shall appoint an inspector(s) to inspect the merchandise in Hong Kong prior to delivery within fifteen (15) days from the effective date of this contract. In the event the Buyers' such appointment does not arrive in time, the Sellers' system of inspection shall be final and binding upon the parties concerned. 
     检查:除非另有安排,在香港出口规例之下进行的和(或)厂商所进行的有关商品质量和情况的检查应是最后的和决定性的。至于没有这种规例管制的商品,买方须从本合约有效日期的十五天内委任检查员,在交货之前在香港检查商品。万一买方这种委任未能及时到达,卖方的检查制度将是决定性的并对有关各方有约束力。 
   
  10. PATENTS, TRADE MARKS, ETC. : The Sellers shall be held free from any dispute regarding the infringements of patent, design, trade mark or copyright of the goods contracted for. 
     专利、商标等:卖方应免受有关侵犯合约所定货物的专利、设计、商标或版权等纠纷的干扰。
   
  11. FREIGHT& INSURANCE: Any increase of freight and/or insurance rates from the current rates available at the time of contract shall be on the Buyers' account. 
     运费和保险:运费和(或)保险费从缔约时有效的收费上的任何增加由买方承担。 
   
  12. ARBITRATION: All disputes, controversies or differences which may arise between the Sellers and the Buyers, out of or in relation to or in connection with this contract , or the breach thereof , shall be finally settled by arbitration in Hong Kong. The award rendered by: the arbitrator (s) shall be final and binding upon both parties. 
     仲裁:出自本合约、或与它有关、或与它有联系的、或不履行该合约而在卖方和买方之间可能产生的一切纠纷、争论或不和,须最终在香港仲裁解决。仲裁人所作的裁定应是决定性的,并对双方有约束力。 
   
      购买合约(Purchase Note)已较少用,买方发出的有效合约凭证称为"订单"(order sheet或 indent,它经卖万签署确认后,对双方就起了约束作用。它没有销售合约那幺复杂,通常背面并无附加条件,而订单的信首和卖方名称地址的格式和普通书信无异。 
   
      主要内容开头也很简单,有时只写上Please execute the following order as the confirmation of our order of……,请接受下列订单作为本公司……月……日订单的确认。下面的表格中列明品名、质量、数量、价格、包装、付运、目的地、保险、付运唛头、付款和备注等。然后双方签署作实。

 
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